TI CONSIGLIO DI FARE BACKUP DELL'HDD TUTTI I GIORNI FIDATI
1 ottobre 2015 22:42 - ennius4531
Facciamo uno sforzo e superiamo le disattenzioni di
Starfighter per chiarire altre cosette.
Starfighter ha dichiarato ...
' Senti ho 40 anni e ho consumato cannabis da quando ho 14
anni ....'' .
---------------------------
In relazione a quanto sopra, uno dei capi della ricerca,
riportata trionfalmente da Starfighter , cosa ci dice ?
'.. Terrie Moffit, professor of psychiatry at King’s
College London, commented to the BBC:
“It is such a special study that I’m fairly confident
that cannabis is safe for over-18 brains, but risky for
under-18 brains.”.
------------------
Prendiamola per buona; per cui la conclusione a cui si
arriva é: dal momento che Starfighter l'ha assunta prima
del 18 anno di età, ha evidentemente corso dei rischi i cui
effetti si commentano da soli .
Riporto un mio precedente parere aggiornandolo ad oggi...
l fatto che Starfighter riporti ampia documentazione critica
sui tentativi di
' ..minimizzazione del problema delle droghe e favorevole
alla loro liberalizzazione.'
e
documentazione sugli effetti nulli delle stesse ,
ritengo la cosa ... pleonastica in quanto , nel leggere i
commenti estemporanei dello stesso , al di là di qualsiasi
studio scientifico o no, come si possono negare gli effetti
deleteri sui neuroni da parte dell'erba magica ?
Infine, il fatto che esistano studi più recenti , perché
dovrebbero essere più credibili rispetto a quelli
precedenti ?
1 ottobre 2015 21:33 - Starfighter23
UEI SERVO4531 INFAME4531 PRESENTATI CON STUDI DEL 2015 SULLA
RIDUZIONE DELLA MASSA CEREBRALE SE NO SEI UN COGLIONE PER LO
PIU GIA NEL 2013 AD HARVARD SI PUBBLICAVANO DEGLI STUDI CHE
SMENTISOCONO IL TUO
This research confirms the findings of the reputable Harvard
University from 2013: cannabis use does not have any impact
on the size of the brain.
QUI SOTTO TI COPIO 2 STUDI DEL 2015 CON AUTORI E TUTTO SE
NON SAI CON COSA RISPONDERE VATTENE AFFAREINCULO TU E LA TUA
FAMIGLIA DI MERDA FIGLIO DI PUTTANA,TU STUDI DEL 2015 SULLA
RIDUZIONE DELLA MASSA CEREBRALE NON NE HAI NEANCHE
UNO,QUINDI AMMMETTI LA SCONFITTA VENDITORE DI PENTOLE USATE
E NON GIRARE LA FRITTATA,TESTIMONE DI GEOVA,SCAFISTA DI
MERDA,LURIDO INFAME DI MERDA,FAI FARE LA SCANSIONE 3D A
TUTTA LA TUA FAMIGLIA DI MERDA
SEGUONO 2 STUDI DEL 2015 CHE SMENTISCONO COMPLETAMENTE LE
TUE PUTTANATE SULLA RIDUZIONE DELLA MASSA CEREBRALE,CONTINUA
A SPAMMARE FIGLIO DI PUTTANA,OCCUPA TUTTI I POST
MIRACCOMANDO,SPERO CHE TU FACCIA UNA BRUTTA MORTE COME LA
TUA AMICA COMPLOTTISTA ANNE BLOOD,SE NEL TUO STUDIO C'ERA
LEI C'E' PROPRIO DA FIDARSI
SE NON SAI CON CHE STUDI RISPONDERE NON GIRARE LA FRITTATA
PERCHE NON RISPONDERO'PIU,VEDRAI LE CONSEGUENZE DAL VIVO
INFAME DI MERDA
--------------------------------------------------
Daily Marijuana Use Is Not Associated with Brain
Morphometric Measures in Adolescents or Adults
Barbara J. Weiland1, Rachel E. Thayer1, Brendan E. Depue2,
Amithrupa Sabbineni1, Angela D. Bryan1, and Kent E.
Hutchison1
+
Show Affiliations
Author contributions: K.E.H. designed research; K.E.H.
performed research; B.J.W., R.E.T., B.E.D., A.S., A.D.B.,
and K.E.H. analyzed data; B.J.W., R.E.T., A.D.B., and K.E.H.
wrote the paper.
The Journal of Neuroscience, 28 January 2015, 35(4):
1505-1512; doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2946-14.2015
Abstract
Recent research has suggested that marijuana use is
associated with volumetric and shape differences in
subcortical structures, including the nucleus accumbens and
amygdala, in a dose-dependent fashion. Replication of such
results in well controlled studies is essential to clarify
the effects of marijuana. To that end, this retrospective
study examined brain morphology in a sample of adult daily
marijuana users (n = 29) versus nonusers (n = 29) and a
sample of adolescent daily users (n = 50) versus nonusers (n
= 50). Groups were matched on a critical confounding
variable, alcohol use, to a far greater degree than in
previously published studies. We acquired high-resolution
MRI scans, and investigated group differences in gray matter
using voxel-based morphometry, surface-based morphometry,
and shape analysis in structures suggested to be associated
with marijuana use, as follows: the nucleus accumbens,
amygdala, hippocampus, and cerebellum. No statistically
significant differences were found between daily users and
nonusers on volume or shape in the regions of interest.
Effect sizes suggest that the failure to find differences
was not due to a lack of statistical power, but rather was
due to the lack of even a modest effect. In sum, the results
indicate that, when carefully controlling for alcohol use,
gender, age, and other variables, there is no association
between marijuana use and standard volumetric or shape
measurements of subcortical structures.
Introduction
The United States has seen changing trends concerning the
acceptance of marijuana. As of 2013, 20 states had either
decriminalized marijuana or legalized medical use. Colorado,
Washington, Oregon, and Alaska have now legalized its
recreational use. Concurrently, the popular press has shown
significant interest in scientific studies on the effects of
marijuana use. Two widely featured studies include one
suggesting that regular marijuana use decreases IQ [Meier et
al., 2012 (which has been challenged for not accounting for
a confounding effect of socioeconomic status); Rogeberg,
2013], and another suggesting that “recreational use”
causes brain abnormalities (Gilman et al., 2014).
To be sure, these two studies do not stand alone. Other
studies of the relationship between marijuana use and brain
morphology have found equivocal results (Lisdahl et al.,
2014; Lorenzetti et al., 2014). Marijuana use has been
associated with both increased (Cousijn et al., 2012) and
decreased (Yücel et al., 2008; Demirakca et al., 2011;
Solowij et al., 2011) volumes of subcortical structures, or
both (Battistella et al., 2014). Importantly, these studies
were not designed to determine causality (i.e., that
marijuana use causes morphological changes), which would
require a longitudinal design to establish temporal
precedence.
Finally, many studies did not adequately exclude the effects
of confounding variables. Several reports included marijuana
groups that differed from control groups in alcohol
use/abuse (Demirakca et al., 2011; Solowij et al., 2011;
Schacht et al., 2012; Gilman et al., 2014). Unlike
marijuana, alcohol abuse has been unequivocally associated
with deleterious effects on brain morphology and cognition
in both adults (Sullivan, 2007; Harper, 2009) and
adolescents (Nagel et al., 2005; Medina et al., 2008;
Squeglia et al., 2012). Statistically controlling for
comorbid alcohol abuse, as many studies do, is not an ideal
strategy, especially in small groups or under conditions
where covariates may interact with the independent variable
(Miller and Chapman, 2001). Thus, it is possible that
alcohol use, or other factors, may explain some of the
contradictory findings to date.
Given the interest in the risks associated with marijuana
use among the general public and policy makers, replication
of reports that marijuana use is associated with
morphological changes in the brain is essential. To that
end, we retrospectively examined brain morphology in a
sample of adult daily marijuana users (n = 29) versus
nonusing control subjects (n = 29), using techniques
identical to those used in the study by Gilman et al.
(2014). We examined the same variables in adolescent daily
users (n = 50) versus nonusers (n = 50). Importantly, there
were two differences in our analytic approach. Because the
previous study suggested an exposure-dependent effect
(Gilman et al., 2014), we compared daily users to nonusers.
Evaluating the extremes should provide greater statistical
power (McClelland, 1997). Furthermore, groups were matched
on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT),
whereas groups differed on AUDIT scores in the original
article. We evaluated the following structures that were the
focus of recent studies of marijuana: the bilateral nucleus
accumbens and amygdala (Gilman et al., 2014); hippocampus
(Demirakca et al., 2011; Schacht et al., 2012); and
cerebellum (Solowij et al., 2011; Cousijn et al., 2012).
Previous Section
Next Section
Materials and Methods
Adult participants and measures.
Adult participants (N = 503) were recruited from the greater
Albuquerque, NM, or Boulder/Denver, CO, metropolitan regions
through advertisements for studies on alcohol/substance use.
Exclusionary criteria and study details have been specified
in previous publications (Filbey et al., 2008; Claus et al.,
2011). Written informed consent, approved by the University
of New Mexico Human Research Committee, was obtained from
all participants.
Participants completed the Time Line Follow Back (TLFB) to
assess quantity and frequency of substance use for the past
60 d (Sobell and Sobell, 1992), the AUDIT to assess
hazardous drinking/dependence (Saunders et al., 1993), the
Impulsive Sensation-Seeking Scale (IMPSS) of the
Zuckerman–Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (Zuckerman et
al., 1993), the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck et al.,
1961), and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (Beck et al.,
1988).
Based on the TLFB data, a subset of subjects was identified
as daily marijuana users (n = 29, 16 male and 13 female).
From the remaining subjects, age, gender, and AUDIT scores
were used to create a matched control group reporting no
marijuana use in the past 60 d.
Adolescent participants and measures.
Adolescent participants (N = 262) were recruited through
juvenile justice services in Albuquerque as part of a larger
study on adolescent risk behavior (Magnan et al., 2013). All
eligible participants were assented, and parental or legal
guardian consent was obtained before participation; the
University of New Mexico Human Research Committee approved
all study procedures. Exclusionary criteria were the use of
psychotropic medications or diagnosis of a psychiatric
disorder other than attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder.
Adolescents were identified based on the frequency of their
marijuana use during the past 3 months (White and Labouvie,
1989) as daily users (n = 50, 41 male and 9 female) or as
part of a matched group of nonusers (n = 50, 36 male and 14
female). Additional measures for quantity and frequency of
alcohol use and cigarette smoking were obtained from the
assessment of the past 3 months (White and Labouvie, 1989).
Adolescents also completed the AUDIT and IMPSS as well as
the Children's Depression Inventory (Kovacs, 1992).
Anatomical image acquisition.
Both neuroimaging sites have 3 T Siemens Trio scanners with
12-channel radio frequency coils. High-resolution
T1-weighted structural images were acquired using the same
5-echo multi-echo MPRAGE sequence, as follows: TE = 1.64,
3.5, 5.36, 7.22, and 9.08 ms; TR = 2.53 s; TI = 1.2 s; flip
angle = 7°; excitations = 1; slice thickness = 1 mm; field
of view = 256 mm; resolution = 256 × 256 × 176; voxel size
1 × 1 × 1 mm; pixel bandwidth = 650 Hz.
Voxel-based morphometry volumetric/density analysis.
Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analyses were performed using
the FSLVBM analysis pipeline in FSL (version 5.0.1)
(http://fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fslwiki/FSLVBM) following
standard automated processing (Ashburner and Friston, 2000;
Good et al., 2001), as in other publications (Depue et al.,
2014; Gilman et al., 2014). Briefly, images were brain
extracted and normalized to Montreal Neurological Institute
(MNI) standard space. Resulting images were averaged to
create a study-specific template, to which native gray
matter (GM) images were reregistered and modulated. The
modulated segmented images were smoothed with an isotropic
Gaussian kernel with a ? of 3, yielding a full-width at
half-maximum (FWHM) of 6.9 mm. The resulting
subject-specific GM probability maps were input into a
general linear model (GLM) to test for group differences
between nonusers and daily marijuana users, controlling for
intracranial volume (ICV). Two separate GLM analyses were
performed to assess the following: (1) whole-brain GM
volume/density; and (2) partial volume region of interest
(ROI) using the bilateral nucleus accumbens, amygdala,
hippocampi, and the cerebellum. Separate masks for each of
these seven ROIs were created from the Harvard-Oxford
Sub-Cortical Atlas. Multiple-comparison correction used
voxelwise thresholding applied using the FSL Randomize
permutation-based non-parametric testing with 5000 Monte
Carlo simulations. Clusterwise extent correction using the
FSL built-in cluster-based thresholding technique was
applied with a threshold of t 2.3.
In addition, we extracted the volume for each of the ROIs;
these values were entered into a multivariate GLM (SPSS
version 21) to test for group differences, controlling for
ICV.
FreeSurfer surface-based morphometry volumetric analysis.
Surface-based morphometry (SBM) analyses used FreeSurfer
version 5.1 (https://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/) to perform
cortical reconstruction and volumetric segmentation were
similar to previous work (Gilman et al., 2014; Weiland et
al., 2014). Briefly, these methods included motion
correction, Talairach transformation, and segmentation and
parcellation of cortical and subcortical structures (Dale et
al., 1999; Fischl et al., 2004). The resulting
subject-specific volume maps were input into GLM analyses to
perform whole-brain analyses testing for group differences
between nonusers and daily marijuana users, controlling for
ICV. To correct for multiple comparisons, p-maps were
thresholded to yield an expected false discovery rate of 5%
(Genovese et al., 2002). Next, ROI analyses used FreeSurfer
output data for bilateral nucleus accumbens, amygdala,
hippocampi, and cerebellum. These volumes were entered into
a GLM to test for group differences while controlling for
ICV.
Finally, FreeSurfer outputs volumetric data for 35 cortical
structures per hemisphere, as well as right and left
thalamus, pallidum, and the a priori structures tested in
the ROI analyses (i.e., nucleus accumbens, amygdala,
hippocampus, and cerebellum). Volumes of all 82 structures
were entered into a multivariate GLM to test for the group
effect on any structure with ICV as a covariate.
FIRST shape analysis.
Shape analyses were performed using the FSL (version 5.0.1)
FIRST toolbox, as in other studies (Depue and Banich, 2012;
Depue et al., 2014; Gilman et al., 2014). Briefly, shape
models in FIRST are constructed from a library of manually
segmented images. FIRST searches for the most probable shape
instance given the observed intensities from input images.
Segmentation was performed with two-stage transformation to
MNI space (Woolrich et al., 2009) with boundary voxels
thresholded at 6.9 mm FWHM for bilateral nucleus accumbens,
amygdala, and hippocampi (FIRST does not currently provide a
shape model for the cerebellum). Permutation testing used
FSL Randomize with 5000 Monte Carlo simulations to test for
group differences in shape, correcting for multiple vertex
comparisons. Clusterwise extent correction was applied, with
a threshold of F 3.0.
Evaluation of effect sizes from recently published
papers.
Finally, we sought to compare our study to other recent
studies in the literature. We evaluated the articles listed
in the recent review by Lorenzetti et al. (2014) and, where
volumetric means were available, calculated effect sizes as
Cohen's d (Cohen, 1988) for the accumbens, amygdala,
hippocampus, and cerebellum.
Previous Section
Next Section
Results
Participants
Nonusers and daily marijuana users were nearly identical in
terms of age and AUDIT scores, with no significant
differences on other measures of comorbid alcohol and
tobacco use, depression, anxiety, impulsivity, sensation
--------------------------------------------------
SECONDO STUDIO 2015
Shared Predisposition in the Association Between Cannabis
Use and Subcortical Brain Structure
David Pagliaccio, PhD1; Deanna M. Barch, PhD2,3,4; Ryan
Bogdan, PhD3; Phillip K. Wood, PhD5; Michael T. Lynskey,
PhD6; Andrew C. Heath, DPhil2; Arpana Agrawal, PhD2
[-] Author Affiliations
1The Program in Neuroscience, Washington University in St
Louis, St Louis, Missouri
2Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St
Louis, St Louis, Missouri
3Department of Psychology, Washington University in St
Louis, St Louis, Missouri
4Department of Radiology, Washington University in St Louis,
St Louis, Missouri
5Department of PsychologicalSciences, University of
Missouri, Columbia
6Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience,
Department of Addictions, King’s College London, London,
England
JAMA Psychiatry. Published online August 26, 2015.
doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1054
Importance Prior neuroimaging studies have suggested that
alterations in brain structure may be a consequence of
cannabis use. Siblings discordant for cannabis use offer an
opportunity to use cross-sectional data to disentangle such
causal hypotheses from shared effects of genetics and
familial environment on brain structure and cannabis use.
Objectives To determine whether cannabis use is associated
with differences in brain structure in a large sample of
twins/siblings and to examine sibling pairs discordant for
cannabis use to separate potential causal and
predispositional factors linking lifetime cannabis exposure
to volumetric alterations.
Design, Setting, and Participants Cross-sectional
diagnostic interview, behavioral, and neuroimaging data were
collected from community sampling and established family
registries from August 2012 to September 2014. This study
included data from 483 participants (22-35 years old)
enrolled in the ongoing Human Connectome Project, with 262
participants reporting cannabis exposure (ie, ever used
cannabis in their lifetime).
Main Outcomes and Measures Cannabis exposure was measured
with the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of
Alcoholism. Whole-brain, hippocampus, amygdala, ventral
striatum, and orbitofrontal cortex volumes were related to
lifetime cannabis use (ever used, age at onset, and
frequency of use) using linear regressions. Genetic (?g) and
environmental (?e) correlations between cannabis use and
brain volumes were estimated. Linear mixed models were used
to examine volume differences in sex-matched concordant
unexposed (n?=?71 pairs), exposed (n?=?81 pairs), or
exposure discordant (n?=?89 pairs) sibling pairs.
Results Among 483 study participants, cannabis exposure was
related to smaller left amygdala (approximately 2.3%;
P?=?.007) and right ventral striatum (approximately 3.5%; P?
1 ottobre 2015 20:44 - ennius4531
. intanto, faccio i miei complimenti a Starfighter :
evidentemente in un momento di astinenza da vaporizzatori e
acculturazione di erbe magiche , é riuscito a togliere il
blocco maiuscole.
Questo però non é gli é stato sufficiente per comprendere
appieno la provenienza universitaria degli autori dello
studio da me riportato che ancora una volta evidenzio .
Jodi M. Gilman,1,4,5 John K. Kuster,1,2* Sang Lee,1,6* Myung
Joo Lee,1,6* Byoung Woo Kim,1,6 Nikos Makris,3,5 Andre van
der Kouwe,4,5 Anne J. Blood,1,2,4,5† and Hans C.
Breiter1,2,4,6†?
1Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Genetics, Department of
Psychiatry, 2Mood and Motor Control Laboratory, 3Center for
Morphometric Analysis, Department of Psychiatry, and
4Athinoula A. Martinos Center in Biomedical Imaging,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital,
Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129,
5 Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,
and 6Warren Wright Adolescent Center, Department of
Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 06011
I ricercatori, che appartengo alla Harvard Medical School
Boston Massachusetts , sono contrassegnati con il nr. 5 e
quindi oltre, purtroppo alla defunta Anne J. Blood citata,
vanno ascritti anche anche Jodi M. Gilman , Nikos Makris e
Andre van der Kouwe. Il gruppo di studio vanta ricercatori
di altre università e ospedali che non possono che
aumentare, per sinergia, la credibilità della loro
pubblicazione.
Ma queste sono solo ... quisquilie .
?Facciamo uno sforzo e superiamo le disattenzioni di
Starfighter per chiarire altre cosette.
Starfighter ha dichiarato ...
' Senti ho 40 anni e ho consumato cannabis da quando ho 14
anni ....'' .
---------------------------
In relazione a quanto sopra, uno dei capi della ricerca,
riportata trionfalmente da Starfighter , cosa ci dice ?
'.. Terrie Moffit, professor of psychiatry at King’s
College London, commented to the BBC:
“It is such a special study that I’m fairly confident
that cannabis is safe for over-18 brains, but risky for
under-18 brains.”.
------------------
Prendiamola per buona; per cui la conclusione a cui si
arriva é: dal momento che Starfighter l'ha assunta prima
del 18 anno di età, ha evidentemente corso dei rischi i cui
effetti si commentano da soli .
Riporto un mio precedente parere aggiornandolo ad oggi...
l fatto che Starfighter riporti ampia documentazione critica
sui tentativi di
' ..minimizzazione del problema delle droghe e favorevole
alla loro liberalizzazione.'
e
documentazione sugli effetti nulli delle stesse ,
ritengo la cosa ... pleonastica in quanto , nel leggere i
commenti estemporanei dello stesso , al di là di qualsiasi
studio scientifico o no, come si possono negare gli effetti
deleteri sui neuroni da parte dell'erba magica ?
1 ottobre 2015 9:10 - Starfighter23
in risposta al tuo studio spazzatura postato qui sotto ne ho
2 del 2015 che dicono l'esatto opposto,in piu non e' fatto
ad Harvard come sostenevi ma solo supportato e condiviso
anche da un ricercatore di Harvard morto nel 89,ti copio
fonti e autori cosi sei contento deficente
was supported by a Harvard Medical School Norman E. Zinberg
Fellowship in Addiction Psychiatry Research.
Daily Marijuana Use Is Not Associated with Brain
Morphometric Measures in Adolescents or Adults
Barbara J. Weiland1, Rachel E. Thayer1, Brendan E.
Depue2, Amithrupa Sabbineni1, Angela D. Bryan1, and Kent E.
Hutchison1
+
Show Affiliations
Author contributions: K.E.H. designed research; K.E.H.
performed research; B.J.W., R.E.T., B.E.D., A.S., A.D.B.,
and K.E.H. analyzed data; B.J.W., R.E.T., A.D.B., and K.E.H.
wrote the paper.
The Journal of Neuroscience, 28 January 2015, 35(4):
1505-1512; doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2946-14.2015
Abstract
Recent research has suggested that marijuana use is
associated with volumetric and shape differences in
subcortical structures, including the nucleus accumbens and
amygdala, in a dose-dependent fashion. Replication of such
results in well controlled studies is essential to clarify
the effects of marijuana. To that end, this retrospective
study examined brain morphology in a sample of adult daily
marijuana users (n = 29) versus nonusers (n = 29) and a
sample of adolescent daily users (n = 50) versus nonusers (n
= 50). Groups were matched on a critical confounding
variable, alcohol use, to a far greater degree than in
previously published studies. We acquired high-resolution
MRI scans, and investigated group differences in gray matter
using voxel-based morphometry, surface-based morphometry,
and shape analysis in structures suggested to be associated
with marijuana use, as follows: the nucleus accumbens,
amygdala, hippocampus, and cerebellum. No statistically
significant differences were found between daily users and
nonusers on volume or shape in the regions of interest.
Effect sizes suggest that the failure to find differences
was not due to a lack of statistical power, but rather was
due to the lack of even a modest effect. In sum, the results
indicate that, when carefully controlling for alcohol use,
gender, age, and other variables, there is no association
between marijuana use and standard volumetric or shape
measurements of subcortical structures.
Introduction
The United States has seen changing trends concerning the
acceptance of marijuana. As of 2013, 20 states had either
decriminalized marijuana or legalized medical use. Colorado,
Washington, Oregon, and Alaska have now legalized its
recreational use. Concurrently, the popular press has shown
significant interest in scientific studies on the effects of
marijuana use. Two widely featured studies include one
suggesting that regular marijuana use decreases IQ [Meier et
al., 2012 (which has been challenged for not accounting for
a confounding effect of socioeconomic status); Rogeberg,
2013], and another suggesting that “recreational use”
causes brain abnormalities (Gilman et al., 2014).
To be sure, these two studies do not stand alone. Other
studies of the relationship between marijuana use and brain
morphology have found equivocal results (Lisdahl et al.,
2014; Lorenzetti et al., 2014). Marijuana use has been
associated with both increased (Cousijn et al., 2012) and
decreased (Yücel et al., 2008; Demirakca et al., 2011;
Solowij et al., 2011) volumes of subcortical structures, or
both (Battistella et al., 2014). Importantly, these studies
were not designed to determine causality (i.e., that
marijuana use causes morphological changes), which would
require a longitudinal design to establish temporal
precedence.
Finally, many studies did not adequately exclude the effects
of confounding variables. Several reports included marijuana
groups that differed from control groups in alcohol
use/abuse (Demirakca et al., 2011; Solowij et al., 2011;
Schacht et al., 2012; Gilman et al., 2014). Unlike
marijuana, alcohol abuse has been unequivocally associated
with deleterious effects on brain morphology and cognition
in both adults (Sullivan, 2007; Harper, 2009) and
adolescents (Nagel et al., 2005; Medina et al., 2008;
Squeglia et al., 2012). Statistically controlling for
comorbid alcohol abuse, as many studies do, is not an ideal
strategy, especially in small groups or under conditions
where covariates may interact with the independent variable
(Miller and Chapman, 2001). Thus, it is possible that
alcohol use, or other factors, may explain some of the
contradictory findings to date.
Given the interest in the risks associated with marijuana
use among the general public and policy makers, replication
of reports that marijuana use is associated with
morphological changes in the brain is essential. To that
end, we retrospectively examined brain morphology in a
sample of adult daily marijuana users (n = 29) versus
nonusing control subjects (n = 29), using techniques
identical to those used in the study by Gilman et al.
(2014). We examined the same variables in adolescent daily
users (n = 50) versus nonusers (n = 50). Importantly, there
were two differences in our analytic approach. Because the
previous study suggested an exposure-dependent effect
(Gilman et al., 2014), we compared daily users to nonusers.
Evaluating the extremes should provide greater statistical
power (McClelland, 1997). Furthermore, groups were matched
on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT),
whereas groups differed on AUDIT scores in the original
article. We evaluated the following structures that were the
focus of recent studies of marijuana: the bilateral nucleus
accumbens and amygdala (Gilman et al., 2014); hippocampus
(Demirakca et al., 2011; Schacht et al., 2012); and
cerebellum (Solowij et al., 2011; Cousijn et al., 2012).
Previous Section
Next Section
Materials and Methods
Adult participants and measures.
Adult participants (N = 503) were recruited from the greater
Albuquerque, NM, or Boulder/Denver, CO, metropolitan regions
through advertisements for studies on alcohol/substance use.
Exclusionary criteria and study details have been specified
in previous publications (Filbey et al., 2008; Claus et al.,
2011). Written informed consent, approved by the University
of New Mexico Human Research Committee, was obtained from
all participants.
Participants completed the Time Line Follow Back (TLFB) to
assess quantity and frequency of substance use for the past
60 d (Sobell and Sobell, 1992), the AUDIT to assess
hazardous drinking/dependence (Saunders et al., 1993), the
Impulsive Sensation-Seeking Scale (IMPSS) of the
Zuckerman–Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (Zuckerman et
al., 1993), the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck et al.,
1961), and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (Beck et al.,
1988).
Based on the TLFB data, a subset of subjects was identified
as daily marijuana users (n = 29, 16 male and 13 female).
From the remaining subjects, age, gender, and AUDIT scores
were used to create a matched control group reporting no
marijuana use in the past 60 d.
Adolescent participants and measures.
Adolescent participants (N = 262) were recruited through
juvenile justice services in Albuquerque as part of a larger
study on adolescent risk behavior (Magnan et al., 2013). All
eligible participants were assented, and parental or legal
guardian consent was obtained before participation; the
University of New Mexico Human Research Committee approved
all study procedures. Exclusionary criteria were the use of
psychotropic medications or diagnosis of a psychiatric
disorder other than attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder.
Adolescents were identified based on the frequency of their
marijuana use during the past 3 months (White and Labouvie,
1989) as daily users (n = 50, 41 male and 9 female) or as
part of a matched group of nonusers (n = 50, 36 male and 14
female). Additional measures for quantity and frequency of
alcohol use and cigarette smoking were obtained from the
assessment of the past 3 months (White and Labouvie, 1989).
Adolescents also completed the AUDIT and IMPSS as well as
the Children's Depression Inventory (Kovacs, 1992).
Anatomical image acquisition.
Both neuroimaging sites have 3 T Siemens Trio scanners with
12-channel radio frequency coils. High-resolution
T1-weighted structural images were acquired using the same
5-echo multi-echo MPRAGE sequence, as follows: TE = 1.64,
3.5, 5.36, 7.22, and 9.08 ms; TR = 2.53 s; TI = 1.2 s; flip
angle = 7°; excitations = 1; slice thickness = 1 mm; field
of view = 256 mm; resolution = 256 × 256 × 176; voxel size
1 × 1 × 1 mm; pixel bandwidth = 650 Hz.
Voxel-based morphometry volumetric/density analysis.
Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analyses were performed using
the FSLVBM analysis pipeline in FSL (version 5.0.1)
(http://fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fslwiki/FSLVBM) following
standard automated processing (Ashburner and Friston, 2000;
Good et al., 2001), as in other publications (Depue et al.,
2014; Gilman et al., 2014). Briefly, images were brain
extracted and normalized to Montreal Neurological Institute
(MNI) standard space. Resulting images were averaged to
create a study-specific template, to which native gray
matter (GM) images were reregistered and modulated. The
modulated segmented images were smoothed with an isotropic
Gaussian kernel with a ? of 3, yielding a full-width at
half-maximum (FWHM) of 6.9 mm. The resulting
subject-specific GM probability maps were input into a
general linear model (GLM) to test for group differences
between nonusers and daily marijuana users, controlling for
intracranial volume (ICV). Two separate GLM analyses were
performed to assess the following: (1) whole-brain GM
volume/density; and (2) partial volume region of interest
(ROI) using the bilateral nucleus accumbens, amygdala,
hippocampi, and the cerebellum. Separate masks for each of
these seven ROIs were created from the Harvard-Oxford
Sub-Cortical Atlas. Multiple-comparison correction used
voxelwise thresholding applied using the FSL Randomize
permutation-based non-parametric testing with 5000 Monte
Carlo simulations. Clusterwise extent correction using the
FSL built-in cluster-based thresholding technique was
applied with a threshold of t 2.3.
In addition, we extracted the volume for each of the ROIs;
these values were entered into a multivariate GLM (SPSS
version 21) to test for group differences, controlling for
ICV.
FreeSurfer surface-based morphometry volumetric analysis.
Surface-based morphometry (SBM) analyses used FreeSurfer
version 5.1 (https://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/) to perform
cortical reconstruction and volumetric segmentation were
similar to previous work (Gilman et al., 2014; Weiland et
al., 2014). Briefly, these methods included motion
correction, Talairach transformation, and segmentation and
parcellation of cortical and subcortical structures (Dale et
al., 1999; Fischl et al., 2004). The resulting
subject-specific volume maps were input into GLM analyses to
perform whole-brain analyses testing for group differences
between nonusers and daily marijuana users, controlling for
ICV. To correct for multiple comparisons, p-maps were
thresholded to yield an expected false discovery rate of 5%
(Genovese et al., 2002). Next, ROI analyses used FreeSurfer
output data for bilateral nucleus accumbens, amygdala,
hippocampi, and cerebellum. These volumes were entered into
a GLM to test for group differences while controlling for
ICV.
Finally, FreeSurfer outputs volumetric data for 35 cortical
structures per hemisphere, as well as right and left
thalamus, pallidum, and the a priori structures tested in
the ROI analyses (i.e., nucleus accumbens, amygdala,
hippocampus, and cerebellum). Volumes of all 82 structures
were entered into a multivariate GLM to test for the group
effect on any structure with ICV as a covariate.
FIRST shape analysis.
Shape analyses were performed using the FSL (version 5.0.1)
FIRST toolbox, as in other studies (Depue and Banich, 2012;
Depue et al., 2014; Gilman et al., 2014). Briefly, shape
models in FIRST are constructed from a library of manually
segmented images. FIRST searches for the most probable shape
instance given the observed intensities from input images.
Segmentation was performed with two-stage transformation to
MNI space (Woolrich et al., 2009) with boundary voxels
thresholded at 6.9 mm FWHM for bilateral nucleus accumbens,
amygdala, and hippocampi (FIRST does not currently provide a
shape model for the cerebellum). Permutation testing used
FSL Randomize with 5000 Monte Carlo simulations to test for
group differences in shape, correcting for multiple vertex
comparisons. Clusterwise extent correction was applied, with
a threshold of F 3.0.
Evaluation of effect sizes from recently published
papers.
Finally, we sought to compare our study to other recent
studies in the literature. We evaluated the articles listed
in the recent review by Lorenzetti et al. (2014) and, where
volumetric means were available, calculated effect sizes as
Cohen's d (Cohen, 1988) for the accumbens, amygdala,
hippocampus, and cerebellum.
Previous Section
Next Section
Results
Participants
Nonusers and daily marijuana users were nearly identical in
terms of age and AUDIT scores, with no significant
differences on other measures of comorbid alcohol and
tobacco use, depression, anxiety, impulsivity, sensation
1 ottobre 2015 2:47 - Starfighter23
ECCO CAVATELA COSI COGLIONE,PERCHE NON POSTI LO STUDIO DI
HARVARD?QUI SI E' CHIESTO DI PARLARE DELLA HARVARD MEDICAL
SCHOOL E TU CONTINUI A SCAPPARE TROVANDO SCUSE IDIOTE PERCHE
SAI GIA CHE SE NE PARLIAMO TI FAI MALE DA SOLO,QUINDI MEGLIO
GIRARE LA FRITTATA,MA SCUSA HAI POSTATO PER ANNI LO STUDIO
DI HARVARD E ADESSO CAMBI STRATEGIA E LO FAI SPARIRE,QUESTA
E' LA PROVA CHE SEI UN VENDITORE DI ARIA FRITTA
PARLIAMO DI HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL FIGLIO DI PUTTANA ALTRO
CHE MI DISPIACE,NON SCAPPARE NON DI DISPIACERE,PARLIAMONE
SCAFISTA DI MERDA
1 ottobre 2015 0:20 - ennius4531
Mi dispiace , ma non posso deludere il tuo sodale
W3C_Freedom .
O ci dai il numero di protocollo oppure non possiamo
prendere nulla in considerazione.
.... Lex, dura lex, sed lex.
Intanto, leggiamo .....
The Journal of Neuroscience, April 16, 2014 • 34(16):5529
–5538 • 5529
Neurobiology of Disease
Cannabis Use is Quantitatively Associated with Nucleus
Accumbens and Amygdala (ndr ..è una parte del cervello che
gestisce le emozioni ed in particolar modo la paura[1]. )
Abnormalities in Young Adult Recreational Users
Jodi M. Gilman,1,4,5 John K. Kuster,1,2* Sang Lee,1,6* Myung
Joo Lee,1,6* Byoung Woo Kim,1,6 Nikos Makris,3,5 Andre van
der Kouwe,4,5 Anne J. Blood,1,2,4,5† and Hans C.
Breiter1,2,4,6†?1Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Genetics,
Department of Psychiatry, 2Mood and Motor Control
Laboratory, 3Center for Morphometric Analysis, Department of
Psychiatry, and 4Athinoula A. Martinos Center in Biomedical
Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General
Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, 5Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and 6Warren Wright
Adolescent Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral
Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of
Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 06011
Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug in the
United States, but little is known about its effects on the
human brain, particularly on reward/aversion regions
implicated in addiction, such as the nucleus accumbens and
amygdala. Animal studies show structural changes in brain
regions such as the nucleus accumbens after exposure to
????9-tetrahydrocannabinol, but less is known about cannabis
use and brain morphometry in these regions in humans.
We collected high-resolution MRI scans on young adult
recreational marijuana users and nonusing controls and
conducted three independent analyses of morphometry in these
structures: (1) gray matter density using voxel-based
morphometry, (2) volume (total brain and regional volumes),
and (3) shape (surface morphometry).
Gray matter density analyses revealed greater gray matter
density in marijuana users than in control participants in
the left nucleus accumbens extending to subcallosal cortex,
hypothalamus, sublenticular extended amygdala, and left
amygdala, even after controlling for age, sex, alcohol use,
and cigarette smoking. Trend-level effects were observed for
a volume increase in the left nucleus accumbens only.
Significant shape differences were detected in the left
nucleus accumbens and right amygdala.
The left nucleus accumbens showed salient exposure-
dependent alterations across all three measures and an
altered multimodal relationship across measures in the
marijuana group.
These data suggest that marijuana exposure, even in young
recreational users, is associated with exposure-dependent
alterations of the neural matrix of core reward structures
and is consistent with animal studies of changes in
dendritic arborization.
.......
This work was supported by the National Institute on Drug
Abuse (Grants 14118, 026002, 026104, and 027804 to H.C.B.
and Grant 034093 to J.M.G.), the Office of National Drug
Control Policy, Counterdrug Technology Assessment Center
(Grants DABK39-03-0098 and DABK39-03-C-0098), and the
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke,
National Institutes of Health (Grant 052368 to A.J.B.).
H.C.B. was also supported by the Warren Wright Adolescent
Center at Northwestern Memorial Hospital and Northwestern
University, Chicago. J.M.G. was supported by a Harvard
Medical School Norman E. Zinberg Fellowship in Addiction
Psychiatry Research.
The authors declare no competing financial interests.?
P.s. Riporto altri dati ponendo il dilemma : che siano i
numeri di protocollo ?
HAI SOLO DA USARE GOOGLE FIGLIO DI PUTTANA E TI VAI A
SCARICARE QUELLO COPIATO E INCOLLATO QUI SOTTO,TRA L'ALTRO
SPESSO CITO FONTI E AUTORI
NON GIRIAMO LA FRITTATA PARLIAMO DI HARVARD COGLIONE,COME
MAI LO STESSO ISTITUTO CHE HA FATTO LO STUDIO CHE PROPONI DA
ANNI L'HA SMENTITO CON STUDI DEL 2013 2014 E 2015 COME
RIPORTATO SOTTO,COS'HAI DA DIRCI A RIGUARDO DEFICENTE?
PARLIAMO DI HARVARD FIGLIO DI PUTTANA
30 settembre 2015 16:41 - ennius4531
...ma di che cosa vuoi che parli? Del tuo chiacchiericcio ?
Secondo la 'legge' del tuo sodale W3C_Freedom, il tuo
arrabattarti a copia/incollare,Starfighter , non ha base
scientifica in quanto mancherebbe anche del .. numero di
protocollo !
Alcuni passi della 'legge' succitata .
"... di tutto quello che dici , non c'è traccia, non è
documentato per data, numero di protocollo, ricercatori..
Dunque le chiacchiere stanno a zero così come riportate da
te, inoltre non è pubblicato un numero di telefono, linea
fax, e-mail per contattare i ricercatori.
Ritorno col dirti che quello che hai scritto fino ad oggi e
che continuerai a scrivere, non ha e non avra' alcun
fondamento, finche' non ci saranno le ricerche documentate
da poter leggere come files:
*.dbk; *.html; *.tex; *.texi; *.txt
o da poter ascoltare come files:
*.flac; *.ogg
o da poter vedere come files:
*.mkv; *.ogv; *.webm " . "
--------------------------
Comunque, ribadisco il mio giudizio sul riportare da parte
di Starfighter ampia documentazione critica sui tentativi
di
' ..minimizzazione del problema delle droghe e favorevole
alla loro liberalizzazione.',
a cui fa seguito il riporto di documentazione sugli effetti
nulli delle stesse :
ritengo la cosa ... pleonastica in quanto , nel leggere i
commenti estemporanei dello stesso , al di là di qualsiasi
studio scientifico o no, come si possono negare gli effetti
deleteri sui neuroni da parte dell'erba magica ?
P.s. Nei pochi momenti in cui esci dal tuo mondo fatto di
vaporizzatori e sative, fatto dire come pigiare il tasto ...
sblocca maiuscole....
30 settembre 2015 16:13 - Starfighter23
NON GIRIAMO LA FRITTATA PARLIAMO DI HARVARD COGLIONE,COME
MAI LO STESSO ISTITUTO CHE HA FATTO LO STUDIO CHE PROPONI DA
ANNI L'HA SMENTITO CON STUDI DEL 2013 2014 E 2015 COME
RIPORTATO SOTTO,COS'HAI DA DIRCI A RIGUARDO DEFICENTE?
30 settembre 2015 12:37 - ennius4531
Secondo la 'legge' del tuo sodale W3C_Freedom, il tuo
arrabattarti a copia/incollare Starfighter , non ha base
scientifica in quanto mancherebbe anche del .. numero di
protocollo !
Alcuni passi della 'legge' succitata .
"... di tutto quello che dici , non c'è traccia, non è
documentato per data, numero di protocollo, ricercatori..
Dunque le chiacchiere stanno a zero così come riportate da
te, inoltre non è pubblicato un numero di telefono, linea
fax, e-mail per contattare i ricercatori.
Ritorno col dirti che quello che hai scritto fino ad oggi e
che continuerai a scrivere, non ha e non avra' alcun
fondamento, finche' non ci saranno le ricerche documentate
da poter leggere come files:
*.dbk; *.html; *.tex; *.texi; *.txt
o da poter ascoltare come files:
*.flac; *.ogg
o da poter vedere come files:
*.mkv; *.ogv; *.webm " . "
--------------------------
Comunque, ribadisco il mio giudizio sul riportare da parte
di Starfighter ampia documentazione critica sui tentativi di
' ..minimizzazione del problema delle droghe e favorevole
alla loro liberalizzazione.'
e
documentazione sugli effetti nulli delle stesse :
ritengo la cosa ... pleonastica in quanto , nel leggere i
commenti estemporanei dello stesso , al di là di qualsiasi
studio scientifico o no, come si possono negare gli effetti
deleteri sui neuroni da parte dell'erba magica ?
P.s. Nei pochi momenti in cui esci dal tuo mondo fatto di
vaporizzatori e sative, fatto dire come pigiare il tasto ...
sblocca maiuscole....
30 settembre 2015 3:38 - Starfighter23
SE TU AVESSI UN MINIMO DI ORGOGLIO E DI DIGNITA',DOVRESTI
ANDARTENE AFFANCULO VIA DA QUESTO FORUM PUNTO,SEI STATO
SPUTTANATO,INSULTATO E UMILLIATO IN TUTTE LE FORME DA 10
ANNI,MA SEI MASOCHISTA CHE CONTINUI A VENIRE A MANGIARE
MERDA SU ADUC?
VUOI PARLARE DI CANNABIS SENZA AVERE LE COMPETENZE,SENZA
AVERLA MAI PROVATA,VUOI GUIDARE UNA FERRARI SENZA
PATENTE,AVVENTURANDOTI SU TERRENI IMPERVI,TI DO UN CONSIGLIO
LEVATI DAI COGLIONI,NON TI CREDE PIU NESSUNO SEI PEGGIO DEI
TESTIMONI DI GEOVA FIGLIO DI PUTTANA,VAI A DERIDERE I MALATI
DA UN ALTRA PARTE SCAFISTA VERME INFAME,PISCIATI ADDOSSO E
SPARATI COGLIONE
30 settembre 2015 3:01 - Starfighter23
@ENNIUS MERDUS VERMUS
"What is clear, though, is that cannabis use is not the
cause of the illness. This view is shared by the authors of
the latest study, which was published early August 2015"
ad harvard l'ultimo l'hanno pubblicato agli inizi di Agosto
inpiu ci sono studi del 2013 e 2014 che lo smontano,ho detto
di rispondere allo studio qui sotto con materiale del 2015
se no sei un coglione
JAMA Psychiatry. Published online August 26, 2015.
doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1054
quindi io l'ultimo che ho postato e' di fine agosto 2015 tu
invece figlio di puttana con cosa rispondi?non ti
arrampicare sui vetri cefca di argomentare e riponderee su
come mai Harvard Medical school ha smontato IL TUO STUDIO
SPAZZATURA CON 3 STUDI 2013 2014 E 2015
TI RICORDO BRUTTO FIGLIO DI PUTTANA CHE DR LESTER GREENSPOON
E' UN PROFESSORE ASSOCIATO EMERITO DI PSICHIATRIA ALLA
HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL DA TE CITATA 1000 VOLTE,QUINDI
TROVATI ALTRI STUDI E NON CITARE PIU HARVARD MEDICAL
SCHOOL,VISTO HANNO PUBBLICATO DECINE DI STUDI A FAVORE DELLA
CAUSA E AD HARVARD I VERTICI SONO PROCANNABIS
PRESENTATI CON QUALCOSA DEL 2015 FIGLIO DI PUTTANA NON C'E'
PIU SPAZIO PER LE TUE MENZOGNE
Shared Predisposition in the Association Between Cannabis
Use and Subcortical Brain Structure
Importance Prior neuroimaging studies have suggested that
alterations in brain structure may be a consequence of
cannabis use. Siblings discordant for cannabis use offer an
opportunity to use cross-sectional data to disentangle such
causal hypotheses from shared effects of genetics and
familial environment on brain structure and cannabis use.
Objectives To determine whether cannabis use is associated
with differences in brain structure in a large sample of
twins/siblings and to examine sibling pairs discordant for
cannabis use to separate potential causal and
predispositional factors linking lifetime cannabis exposure
to volumetric alterations.
Design, Setting, and Participants Cross-sectional diagnostic
interview, behavioral, and neuroimaging data were collected
from community sampling and established family registries
from August 2012 to September 2014. This study included data
from 483 participants (22-35 years old) enrolled in the
ongoing Human Connectome Project, with 262 participants
reporting cannabis exposure (ie, ever used cannabis in their
lifetime).
Main Outcomes and Measures Cannabis exposure was measured
with the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of
Alcoholism. Whole-brain, hippocampus, amygdala, ventral
striatum, and orbitofrontal cortex volumes were related to
lifetime cannabis use (ever used, age at onset, and
frequency of use) using linear regressions. Genetic (?g) and
environmental (?e) correlations between cannabis use and
brain volumes were estimated. Linear mixed models were used
to examine volume differences in sex-matched concordant
unexposed (n?=?71 pairs), exposed (n?=?81 pairs), or
exposure discordant (n?=?89 pairs) sibling pairs.
Results Among 483 study participants, cannabis exposure was
related to smaller left amygdala (approximately 2.3%;
P?=?.007) and right ventral striatum (approximately 3.5%; P?
30 settembre 2015 0:06 - ennius4531
Starfighter ha dichiarato...
19 agosto 2015 4:19 - Starfighter23
.....VOGLIAMO STUDI DEL 2015 SE NO NON SEI CREDIBILE
IDIOTA.
per poi dirci che ..
"ECCOTI IL TUO STUDIO DI HARVARD SMONTATO DALLO STESSO
ISTITUTO CHE LO HA FATTO CON 2 STUDI UNO DEL 2013 E UNO DEL
2014 ..."
Ora, dal momento che detti studi propostici non sono del
2015, che cos'é Starfighter se non un ... IDIOTA !
Facciamo uno sforzo e superiamo l'idiozia di Starfighter per
chiarire altre cosette.
Starfighter ha dichiarato anche ...
' Senti ho 40 anni e ho consumato cannabis da quando ho 14
anni ....'' .
---------------------------
In relazione a quanto sopra, uno dei capi della ricerca,
riportata da Starfighter , cosa ci dice ?
'.. Terrie Moffit, professor of psychiatry at King’s
College London, commented to the BBC:
“It is such a special study that I’m fairly confident
that cannabis is safe for over-18 brains, but risky for
under-18 brains.”.
------------------
Prendiamola per buona; per cui la conclusione a cui si
arriva é: dal momento che Starfighter l'ha assunta prima
del 18 anno di età, ha evidentemente corso dei rischi .
Riporto un mio precedente commento aggiornandolo ad
oggi...
l fatto che Starfighter riporti ampia documentazione critica
sui tentativi di
' ..minimizzazione del problema delle droghe e favorevole
alla loro liberalizzazione.'
e
documentazione sugli effetti nulli delle stesse ,
ritengo la cosa ... pleonastica in quanto , nel leggere i
commenti estemporanei dello stesso , al di là di qualsiasi
studio scientifico o no, come si possono negare gli effetti
deleteri sui neuroni da parte dell'erba magica ?
P.s. Nei pochi momenti in cui esci dal tuo mondo fatto di
vaporizzatori e sative, fatto dire come pigiare il tasto ...
sblocca maiuscole....
29 settembre 2015 18:30 - Starfighter23
@ENNIO
ECCOTI IL TUO STUDIO DI HARVARD SMONTATO DALLO STESSO
ISTITUTO CHE LO HA FATTO CON 2 STUDI UNO DEL 2013 E UNO DEL
2014 E NON TROVARE SCUSE CHE NON RIESCI A LEGGERE PERCHE' E'
UN COPIA E INCOLLA KILOMETRICO,IMPARA A LEGGERE AL POSTO DI
LAMENMTARTI LATRINA PUBBLICA SCAFISTA DI MERDA,QUESTA E' LA
PROVA CHE TI PRESENTI SOLO CON STUDI FALSI PUNTUALMENTE
SMENTITI DAGLI STESSI CHE LI FATTO,QUINDI METTITI COMODO E
COMINCIA A SUCCHIARMELO LURIDO SERVO DI COMUNIONE E
LIBERAZIONE
This research confirms the findings of the reputable Harvard
University from 2013: cannabis use does not have any impact
on the size of the brain.
In the Harvard study, 22 heavy users of cannabis, who in
total had smoked an average 20,100 bags of cannabis in their
lives, were compared to 26 non-smokers of cannabis. No
differences were observed between the two groups with regard
to the volume of the white matter of the brain, the
cerebrospinal fluid, or the left or right hippocampus. The
authors concluded that “these findings are in line with
the latest literature with regards to the fact that there is
no link between cannabis use and structural changes in the
brain as a whole or in the hippocampus.”
In 2014, the well-reputed Harvard Medical School published a
study in which they concluded that schizophrenia is a
hereditary illness, and is not linked to the use of
cannabis. The research concluded that “in summary, we
conclude that cannabis does not cause psychosis by
itself.” In genetically vulnerable individuals, cannabis
can impact the onset, severity and outcome of the illness.
More research is therefore needed in this regard. What is
clear, though, is that cannabis use is not the cause of the
illness. This view is shared by the authors of the latest
study, which was published early August 2015. In their
results they state that “teen marijuana use by adolescents
is not linked to psychoses, cancer or other health
problems.
QUESTO SAREBBE IL TUO STUDIO CON CUI SPAMMI DA ANNI TI
CONVIENE TROVARTI QUALCOSA DI NUOVO PERCHE NON SEI CREDIBILE
LURIDO FIGLIO DI PUTTANA
Harvard Medical School 16/04/2014
' Nello studio, pubblicato sul Journal of Neurosciences, le
persone che avevano usato cannabis una o due volte la
settimana anche per pochi mesi, sono state trovate avere
cambiamenti nelle zone del cervello che regolano le
emozioni, la motivazione e la dipendenza.
I ricercatori della Harvard Medical School hanno effettuate
scansioni 3D dettagliate sul cervello ....
Due sezioni principali del cervello sono risultate essere
colpite. Ovviamente, più alto il consumo di cannabis dei
soggetti dello studio, maggiori le anomalie cerebrali su
migliaia di soggetti .
21 settembre 2015 14:41 - ennius4531
... non posso accontentarti in quanto arrischierei di
incontrarti.
E la mia capacità di resistere alle tue prolisse
affabulazioni non è infinita.
21 settembre 2015 13:24 - Bista
Cheppalle!
Ma perché non te ne vai lì dove ti consiglierebbe un
comico genovese di cui non ricordi il nome.
21 settembre 2015 10:12 - ennius4531
Quando si leggono i contenuti di Starfighter , al di là di
qualsiasi studio scientifico o no, come si possono negare
gli effetti deleteri sui neuroni da parte dell'erba magica
?
P.s. Nei pochi momenti in cui esci dal tuo mondo fatto di
vaporizzatori e sative, fatto dire come pigiare il tasto ...
sblocca maiuscole....
20 settembre 2015 19:51 - Starfighter23
UEI PICCOLO MUCCIOLI CAPISCO CHE LE COMUNITA' DI RECUPERO
SIANO IN CRISI PERCHE L'EROINA NON SE LA INCULA PIU
NESSUNO,MA ONESTAMENTE CHI VUOI CHE ASCOLTI UNO PSICHIATRA
FALLITO COME TE CHE VIENE QUI A RAPPRESENTARE QUESTI LUOGHI
DI SCIACALLAGGIO E PROPAGANDA,GESTITI DA ASSASSINI CRIMINALI
MAESTRI DI EVASIONE FISCALE COME I MUCCIOLI,QUINDI TORNA A
FARE LA PREDICA ALLE FAMIGLIE DEI TOSSICI CHE FORSE SONO LE
UNICHE CHE TI POSSANO DARE RETTA
20 settembre 2015 8:21 - ennius4531
Quando si leggono i contenuti di Starfighter, al di là di
qualsiasi studio scientifico o no, come si possono negare
gli effetti deleteri sui neuroni da parte dell'erba magica ?
19 settembre 2015 6:23 - Starfighter23
SEI UN MORTO CHE CAMMINA MUCCIOLENNIO DECIDERANNO IN
PARLAMENTO IL GIORNO DELLA TUA MORTE,TU CONTINUA A PULIRTI
IL CULO CON I TUOI STUDI FAKE COMMISSIONATI DA LOBBY
ANTICANNABIS,VAI DAVANTI A UNA SPECCHIERA GUARDALA E
PISCIATI ADDOSSO,VERME DI MERDA
18 settembre 2015 22:40 - ennius4531
Cannabis... droga leggera ....
"La Cannabis triplica gli incidenti mortali sulle strade
.
Incidenti mortali che coinvolgono l’uso di marijuana sono
triplicati nell’ultimo decennio, lo sostengono i
ricercatori in Rapporto elaborato dalla Mailman School of
Public Health della Columbia University.
Chi assume marijuana guida più o meno allo stesso modo di
chi ha abusato di alcol, ha spiegato Jonathan Adkins, vice
direttore esecutivo dell’Associazione Governors Highway
Safety. Si altera la capacita’ di giudizio, riduce la
vista e rende una persona più distratta e con più
probabilità di correre rischi durante la guida.
I risultati sono stati pubblicati on-line il 29 gennaio
scorso nell’American Journal of Epidemiology.
Il team di ricerca ha tratto le sue conclusioni dalle
statistiche sugli incidenti provenienti da sei Stati che
abitualmente eseguono test tossicologici su conducenti
coinvolti in relitti stradali mortali – California,
Hawaii, Illinois, New Hampshire, Rhode Island e West
Virginia. Le statistiche comprendono oltre 23.500 di
conducenti deceduti entro un’ora da un incidente nel
periodo compreso tra il 1999 ed il 2010. "
18 settembre 2015 17:54 - roberto7266
@vincenzo
Ne avevamo parlato, purtroppo si è avverato; tante belle
potenziali e costruttive discussioni andate a puttane, ma
che aspetti?
13 settembre 2015 11:08 - ennius4531
Esce dalla sua tana affumicata la sera per ululare contro
ombre autoprodotte da neuroni THC modificati .
Nulla di nuovo sotto... la luna .
" Passando non senza esitazioni dalla teoria alla pratica,
Jekyll miscela varie sostanze ed ottiene una pozione dagli
effetti straordinari. Essa destruttura l'unità dell'essere
umano e conferisce esistenza propria e distinta alle
inclinazioni nascoste ma presenti nell'animo..."
tanto da assumere una seconda identità rivolta ..
" .. alla propria soddisfazione sadica, egoistica, sfrenata,
selvaggia e asociale." .
12 settembre 2015 22:29 - Starfighter23
"Mi aspetto un tuo usuale assennato, razionale, equilibrato
commento"
EHI COGLIONE MUCCIOLENNIO VAI IN CHIESA A SODOMIZZARE I
MINORENNI CON I TUOI AMICI PARROCHI,QUANDO HAI FINITO PUOI
TORNARE A LAVARE IL CULO DEI TOSSICI IN COMUNITA',LURIDO
PISCIATURO,PSICHIATRA FALLITO,SERVO DI COMUNIONE E
LIBERAZIONE
11 settembre 2015 23:12 - ennius4531
..ah starfighter,
che l'erba magica possa restringere la massa cerebrale , tu
stesso ce ne hai fornito un esempio pubblicando la dinamica
del suo volume riferita alla tua persona.
Osserva : poca all'inizio quando eri infante.
Aumento con lo sviluppo dell'adolescenza con blocco
improvviso della sua crescita.
Poi un continuo ritrarsi per ritornare all'età puerile da
addebitarsi probabilmente al consumo di erbe magiche ( .. se
non quelle a che cosa dobbiamo pensare ? ) come la ricerca
scientifica ha riportato.
Da Aduc massa cerebrale
USA - Uso di marijuana puo' far ridurre la massa cerebrale.
. "E' una ricerca complessa e interessante che mostra come
l'utilizzo frequente di marijuana, soprattutto in giovane
eta', ha significative conseguenze negative sul cervello",
ha sottolineato Weiss, precisando che tali risultati
rappresentano una sfida alla convinzione diffusa che la
cannabis sia una droga innocua. ....."
Mi aspetto un tuo usuale assennato, razionale, equilibrato
commento.
TRANQUILLO IL BELLO DEVE ANCORA ARRIVARE SIAMO SOLO
ALL'INIZIO,CONTINUA A METTERE IN DUBBIO LA MIA DISABILITA'
FIGLIO DI PUTTANA
11 settembre 2015 16:13 - ennius4531
Questo personaggio ci racconta che ne fa uso fin dall'etá
di 14 anni per far fronte alla sua malattia: pensate già a
14 anni aveva capito che la migliore cura non poteva essere
solo che l'erba magica ( .. che genio ! ) e che, da
sofferente qual è (???), mi lancia questo sobrio avviso '
.. non potrai mai goderti i piaceri della cannabis..'.
Se di malattia si tratta, tutto lascia pensare che essa sia
la conseguenza del consumo d pattume ... erboristico
Datti una calmata con la ... valeriana ...
11 settembre 2015 15:53 - Starfighter23
"I tentativi di Starfighter, al pari di altri suoi cloni, di
pretendere la cacciata del sottoscritto dal forum, dimostra
quanto proibizionismo vero esista in questi
antiproibizionisti di facciata."
VEDREMO COSA HANNO DA DIRE I VERTICI DI ADUC RIGUARDO LO
SPAM IL DERIDERE I MALATI E LA MERDA CHE TU PRODUCI OGNI
GIORNO,VERRA FATTA UNA LETTERA SU SOSONLINE E VEDIAMO SE STA
STORIA DEVE CONTINUARE,TORNA A PULIRE IL CULO AI TOSSICI IN
COMUNITA PSICHIATRA FALLITO